What is linear momentum?

Linear momentum is a physical quantity that depends on the mass and the velocity of the object.

Fig 1 below shows an object that has mass m and is moving with a velocity v.

 

The linear momentum which is denoted by the symbol p and is calculated using the equation below

 

linear momentum  = mass of object  x velocity of object

p = mv

Hence the unit for linear momentum is kg m s^-1

The linear momentum is thus a vector quantity since it is the product of a scalar quantity (the mass) and the vector quantity (the velocity).

We can thus say that the linear momentum of a body is defined as the product of the mass of that body and its velocity

Scalar and vector quantities

A quantity is a characteristics of a body that can be measured with an instrument. Examples are length, area, temperature and so on.

All these quantities can be divided into two types: Scalar and Vector quantities. Normally it is quite easy to deduce whether a quantity is a scalar or a vector quantity but of you have any difficulties a list will be given later on.

Let us see how to identify a vector and a scalar quantities.

 

Scalar quantities

A scalar quantity is one that has a magnitude and a unit.

Remember the magnitude of a quantity is a number that represent its size.

Examples of scalar quantities are length, mass, temperature, etc

length = 19 m

mass = 4 kg

As you can see these quantities can only be represented by a magnitude and a unit.

 

Vector quantities

A vector quantity is one that has a magnitude, a unit and a unit.

Examples of vector quantity are acceleration, force, velocity, etc.

velocity = 100 km/h towards the north

Displacement = 100 m eastward

Force = 10 N 30⁰ to the horizontal

As you can see all quantities that can be represented using an arrow and in which a direction make sense is a vector quantity.

For example a mass will not make sense with a direction hence it is a scalar quantity. A force make sense with a direction hence it is a vector quantity.

How to know whether a quantity is a vector or a scalar quantity

• In case you do not know that a quantity is a scalar or a vector then you can consult this list[under construction]

 

• Two quantities can be added or subtracted from each other unless they are both scalar or vector quantities. And the answer is a scalar

Hence if  A = B –C

and C is a scalar quantity then B must be a scalar quantity and as a result A must be a scalar quantity. The same reasoning would have applied if addition was performed.

• If two quantities A and B are multiplied to get quantity C as in C = A*B then the nature of the quantity C would vary according to the table below.

 

A	B	C	Example
Scalar	Scalar	Scalar	Mass = density *volume
Scalar	Vector	Vector	Velocity = time *acceleration
vector	Vector

 

• If a quantity A is divided by another quantity B to obtain quantity C as in C = A/B then then the nature of quantity C would vary according to the table below.

A	B	C	Example
Scalar	Scalar	Scalar	Density = mass/volume
Vector	scalar	Vector	Acceleration = Velocity /time
Scalar	vector
Vector	Vector	scalar	time = velocity /acceleration

 

Speed and velocity

After distance and displacement that we have seen earlier, I am now going to talk about speed and velocity. They are quite different and to understand them it is important to understand clearly the difference distance and displacement before going forward.

 

Speed

Speed is a scalar quantity and the unit is the metre per second (m s^-1)

A boy moves from point A and walks a distance of 50 m to the point B in a time of 20 s.

Firstly what is the distance travelled in 1 second?

Yes the boy would walk a distance of 2.5 m in a time of 1 second.

The distance travelled in a time of 1 second is called the speed.

The equation to calculate the speed is shown below.

 

 

Can you determine the speed of the boy?

Hence whenever speed is calculated the distance should be used.

Velocity

Velocity is a vector quantity and the unit is also the metre per second(m s^-1)

Since it is a vector quantity then when it is determined direction is important and hence displacement should be used.

A boy moves from point A to point B performing a displacement of 50 m towards the right as shown in the diagram below.

The following equation is used to determine the velocity.

Hence the velocity of the boy can be calculated as shown below.

Please note the difference between the two. For the speed the distance travelled is used while for the velocity the displacement is used.

Distance and displacement

Distance and displacement are two quantities that are used to describe motion. We are going to have a look at both of them and see how to differentiate between the two.

Distance

Distance is a scalar quantity and the SI unit is the Metre (m)

Example 1

 

Now suppose a person moves from an initial position of A and travels to a final position of B. The line connecting the two points is the path that the person would take. Now the distance travelled is the length of the path taken by the person from the initial position to the final position.

Example 2

Now if the path is not a straight line like in the diagram shown above then the distance travelled is the length of the path  from A to B through all the turns  as measured with a measuring tape.

Example 3

The next example is shown above. The person moves from A to D. The path is a line moving from A to B to C and then finally to D. Then the distance travelled is the length of the path AB+ the length of the path BC + the length of the path CD

Displacement

Displacement is a vector quantity and the SI unit is the metre (m)

The displacement is a vector representing the shortest path from the initial position to the final position. It is thus a vector quantity. Let us have a look at the different motion above and see how the displacement is determined and how it is different from the distance.

Example 4

As we have seen in example 1 above the person moves from the initial position A to the final position B.

As you can see the person moves from the initial position A to the final position B and the vector representing this motion is as shown. And the displacement is represented by this vector. Hence the displacement will have both a magnitude which would be the length of the vector and a direction which would be the direction of the vector.

For example 4 above we can say that the displacement is 10 m to the east.

Displacement = 10 m to the east

or Displacement = 10 m to the right

As you can see the displacement would have both a magnitude and a direction since it is a vector quantity.

Example 5

This is the same motion that we used in example 2. The person moves from the initial position A and travels until he reaches the final position B. As you can see on the diagram above there is a vector from the initial position A to the final position B. This vector represent the displacement of the person where the length of the vector is its magnitude and the direction of the vector the direction of the displacement.

In this case the displacement of the person can be said to be

Displacement = 10 m 15^o clockwise from the horizontal,

Where the line AC represent the easterly direction,

Example 6

Now let us look at the same motion example that the person did in example 3. The person walks from A to B to C and finally arrives at D. You can see on the diagram below that I have drawn a vector AD that starts from the point A and ends at the point D. This vector is the displacement vector and as you can see it has a magnitude and a direction.

We can say for example that the displacement is as shown

Displacement = 15 m 15⁰ clockwise from the horizontal

As you have seen displacement and distance are two quantities easy to understand and to differentiate but as usual if you have any question you can leave them here and I would answer then as soon as possible.